|
 
 |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2020 | Volume
: 40
| Issue : 4 | Page : 181-186 |
|
A 10-year retrospective analysis on the incidence of anesthesia awareness with recall in adult patients under total intravenous anesthesia
Ke-Li Wu1, Zhi-Fu Wu2, Meng-Fu Lai3, Yi-Hsuan Huang3, Wei-Cheng Tseng3, Jen-Yin Chen4, Hou-Chuan Lai3
1 Tri Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
2 Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan; Department of Anesthesiology, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
3 Department of Anesthesiology, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
4 Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center; Department of the Senior Citizen Service Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| Date of Submission | 27-Nov-2019 |
| Date of Decision | 04-Jan-2020 |
| Date of Acceptance | 15-Jan-2020 |
| Date of Web Publication | 21-Feb-2020 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Hou-Chuan Lai
#325, Section 2, Chenggung Road, Neihu 114, Taipei
Taiwan
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/jmedsci.jmedsci_224_19
Background: Intraoperative awareness occurrence ranges between 0.005% and 1.12% of general anesthesia cases and could be a devastating experience for a patient. The incidence of intraoperative awareness in total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) is higher than in volatile anesthesia without the depth of anesthesia (DOA) monitoring. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the incidence of intraoperative awareness with recall during TIVA in the isolated health facility. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of the incidence of intraoperative awareness with recall during TIVA that involved a large number of patients over 10 years (from January 2008 to July 2018). Cases of death, coma, dementia, severe psychological disorder, incomplete data, or patients aged under 20 years were excluded from this study. All data from the operating rooms' database and the anesthesia records were analyzed. Intraoperative awareness was detected by the patients who spontaneously self-reported accidental awareness during postoperative anesthetic visits within 2 days following the surgery. Moreover, we also visited highly suspected intraoperative awareness patients on a postoperative day 1 for clarifying intraoperative awareness with recall. Results: Of 13,002 patients under TIVA, 11,433 were included in this study. Two confirmed cases of intraoperative awareness were detected, with an incidence of 0.017% (2 of 11,433). As of the type of surgery, a 67-year-old male received elective general surgery and another 45-year-old male received elective orthopedic surgery. Only one patient was under DOA monitoring, and in both instances, no long-term psychological sequelae were reported. Conclusions: This study suggests that the incidence of intraoperative awareness during TIVA is a very rare event if the well-trained anesthesia staff for TIVA is present and when the DOA monitoring is routinely used in high-risk patients. Furthermore, based on the study data, we conclude that the two intraoperative awareness cases could have been prevented.
Keywords: Awareness, general anesthesia, total intravenous anesthesia, bispectral index
How to cite this article:
Wu KL, Wu ZF, Lai MF, Huang YH, Tseng WC, Chen JY, Lai HC. A 10-year retrospective analysis on the incidence of anesthesia awareness with recall in adult patients under total intravenous anesthesia. J Med Sci 2020;40:181-6 |
How to cite this URL:
Wu KL, Wu ZF, Lai MF, Huang YH, Tseng WC, Chen JY, Lai HC. A 10-year retrospective analysis on the incidence of anesthesia awareness with recall in adult patients under total intravenous anesthesia. J Med Sci [serial online] 2020 [cited 2023 Jun 8];40:181-6. Available from: https://www.jmedscindmc.com/text.asp?2020/40/4/181/282530 |
| Introduction | |  |
Intraoperative awareness, also named general anesthesia awareness with recall (GAAWR), is the explicit recall of sensory perceptions that may occur during general anesthesia (GA).[1] The occurrence of GAAWR ranges from 0.005% to 1.12%.[2],[3] Despite the low occurrence rate, intraoperative awareness is a severe problem that may cause serious psychological side effects. These may include sleep disturbances, depression, anxiety, and in rare cases, posttraumatic stress disorder.[4],[5]
The incidence of intraoperative awareness is significantly higher in TIVA (1.1% to 1.94%) than in inhaled anesthesia (0.0095%).[3],[6],[7] Yu and Wu[3] reported that in the combined group of intravenous and inhaled anesthesia cases, three patients (0.44%) were confirmed with intraoperative awareness, while in the TIVA group, 11 patients (1.94%) had undergone intraoperative awareness.
The commonly used methods for preventing intraoperative awareness monitoring include depth of anesthesia (DOA) monitoring and brain function monitoring.[3] However, the effectiveness of bispectral index (BIS) monitoring in reducing or preventing the incidence of awareness remains to be controversial[7] due to diverse anesthetic conditions such as age, race, gender, acid–base imbalances, drugs administered to the patients which include neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs), and additional factors.[3]
Although a meta-analysis study conducted by Gao et al.[8] concluded that BIS index monitoring had a remarkable superiority in TIVA, the DOA monitoring is still recommended for TIVA with NMBAs.[9] In Taiwan, anesthesiologists do not routinely use DOA monitoring in TIVA due to the policy of national health insurance. In the present health facility, DOA monitoring is used exclusively in high-risk patients.
This 10-year retrospective study aimed to evaluate the incidence rates of GAAWR in TIVA and to assess the strategy of BIS monitoring usage for the prevention of intraoperative awareness.
| Methods | | |
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee (TSGHIRB No: 2-108-05-027) of Tri-Service General Hospital (TSGH), Taipei, Taiwan (Chairman, Professor Yu Mu Hsien) on February 28, 2019. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations by the domestic Institutional Review Board. The ethics committee of the Tri-Service General Hospital approved this retrospective study and waived the need for informed consent on February 28, 2019.
Relevant information was retrieved from the medical records and the electronic database of TSGH. A single-center retrospective study that involved adult patients under TIVA was conducted from January 2008 to July 2018 in Taipei, Taiwan. Eleven thousand four hundred and thirty-three patients with the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score of I–IV who had undergone elective or nonelective surgery under TIVA were included in the study. The exclusion criteria were death within 2 days, coma, dementia, severe psychological disorder, incomplete data, or age <20 years. Following these criteria, a total of 1569 patients were excluded from this study [Figure 1]. | Figure 1: Flow diagram detailing the selection of patients included in the retrospective analysis. 1569 patients were excluded due to death, coma, dementia, severe psychological disorder, incomplete data, or age <20 years
Click here to view |
No premedication was given before anesthesia induction. Routine monitoring, including noninvasive blood pressure, electrocardiography (lead II), pulse oximetry, and end-tidal carbon dioxide, was established for each patient. Direct radial arterial blood pressure and a central venous catheter were used in patients undergoing major surgery. Before anesthesia induction, all IV infusion lines were examined. Anesthesia was induced with 2% lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg), fentanyl (2 μg/kg) or remifentanil (Minto model) at the effect-site concentration (Ce) of 2–4 ng/ml via a target-controlled infusion (TCI, Fresenius Orchestra Primea; Fresenius Kabi AG, Bad Homburg, Germany), propofol (Schnider model) Ce 3–5 μg/mL, and rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg).
Anesthesia was maintained using TCI (Fresenius Orchestra Primea; Fresenius Kabi AG, Bad Homburg, Germany) with propofol at an Ce of 2–4 μg/mL in FiO2 of 100% oxygen at a flow rate of 0.3 L/min. Repetitive bolus injections of rocuronium (or cisatracurium) and fentanyl (or continuous infusion of remifentanil with TCI) were given as necessary throughout the operation. No neuromuscular block monitoring was applied during surgery. The BIS-guided protocol was conducted in high-risk surgical patients.[10] The BIS monitor (BIS™, Medtronic, Covidien, USA) was used in low blood pressure, low maintained concentration of propofol Ce, previous history of alcoholism, previous history of awareness, low body weight (body mass index [BMI] ≤18), obese patients (BMI ≥35 in female and ≥42 in male), poor functional activity (<4 metabolic equivalents (MET) s or ejection function <35%), and as per patients' request. Besides, 2.5–5.0 mg of midazolam was administered for prevention intraoperative awareness when higher propofol Ce (>6 μg/mL) was required for a patient to lose consciousness.
Maintenance of the Ce using TCI with propofol was adjusted upward and downward by increments of 0.2–0.5 μg/mL, when necessary, according to the hemodynamics or BIS monitoring. The end-tidal carbon dioxide level was maintained at 35–45 mmHg by adjusting the ventilation rate and maintained maximum airway pressure <30 cm H2O. Patients were sent to the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) or intensive care unit and were assessed after surgery by the anesthesiologist in charge.[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16]
The primary outcome assessment tested the incidence of intraoperative awareness, which was detected by the patients who spontaneously self-reported accidental awareness during the postoperative anesthetic visit within 2 days following surgery. Besides, we also visited highly suspected GAAWR patients on a postoperative day 1 for clarifying intraoperative awareness with recall.
Moreover, we evaluated the patients' characteristics (age, sex, height, weight, and ASA), and the type of surgery. The postoperative anesthetic records were completed by the anesthetic nurses, who were unaware of the anesthetic techniques. Medical information of the patients, along with the results of the postoperative evaluation, was analyzed. Data were presented as the mean and standard deviation of a number of patients. The statistical analysis was performed using SigmaStat 3.5 for Windows.
| Results | | |
Of 13,002 patients assessed for eligibility, 11,433 (87.9%) were enrolled in this study. [Table 1] summarizes the characteristics of the patients and the type of surgery. Two definite cases of GAAWR were detected, corresponding to an incidence of 0.017% (2/11,433). The BIS monitoring was performed in 11% of the cases (1261/11,433). The average age was 54.74 ± 16.48 years, the height was 163.07 ± 6.95 cm, and the weight was 63.42 ± 10.97 kg. A total of 5291 men and 6142 women were enrolled in the study. Furthermore, the study included 1288 ASA I patients, 8888 ASA II patients, 1250 ASA III patients, and 7 ASA IV patients. The analysis of two patients with GAAWR is summarized in [Table 2]. | Table 2: Analysis for two patients with general anesthesia awareness with recall
Click here to view |
Case 1
A 67-year-old male was scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Preoperative anesthesia evaluation revealed that the patient was at high risk for postoperative complications due to poor heart function with echocardiography showing an ejection fraction of 30% and coronary artery disease with the three-vessel disease after stenting. During surgery, the patient's heart rate raised from 65 to 110 bpm, and blood pressure raised from 105/80 mmHg to 182/110 mmHg. At the same time, the BIS value increased from 45 to 78. All IV infusion lines were carefully examined, and it was found that propofol was refluxed to the standard saline solution bag. The propofol reflux was stopped immediately, resulting in stabilization of the hemodynamics and lowering of the BIS value to 35. On day 1 after the surgery, the patient spontaneously complained that he suffered from incision pain and the recall of the surgery. After a careful explanation, the psychological distress was resolved, and no additional psychological complications were reported [Table 2].
Case 2
A 45-year-old male was scheduled for open reduction internal fixation due to clavicle fracture. Preoperative anesthesia evaluation revealed that the patient was at high risk for awareness due to alcoholism and obesity with a BMI of 38.[17] The propofol Ce was initially set to 4.0 μg/mL; however, the propofol Ce of loss of consciousness was 7.0 μg/mL. BIS monitoring has not been used in this case due to the misjudgment of an inexperienced anesthetist. The maintenance of TIVA was performed with propofol Ce 3.0–3.5 μg/mL and with an intermittent bolus of 50 μg fentanyl, if necessary. The anesthesia and operation proceeded uneventfully, and the hemodynamics were stable. In the PACU, he recalled that the surgeon stretched his arm just before to fall asleep again. An examination of medical records showed that after the induction, the propofol Ce was adjusted to 2.5 μg/mL to prevent head-up position induced hypotension and then increased to 3.5 μg/mL before the skin incision. The GAAWR was noted in this period (during arm manipulation). After a careful explanation, the psychological distress was resolved, and no additional psychological complications were reported. In this case, the misjudgment of inexperienced anesthetist led to a poor decision not to use BIS monitoring during TIVA [Table 2].
| Discussion | | |
In the present medical center, the incidence of GAAWR in TIVA was 0.017%, profoundly lower than previously reported rates under or not under TIVA.[2],[3],[6],[7],[18],[19],[20],[21] Yu and Wu[3] reported that 11 patients (1.94%) in the TIVA group underwent intraoperative awareness. Errand et al.[6] also reported a higher incidence of awareness during TIVA (1.1%), compared to balanced volatile anesthesia (0.59%). A survey questionnaire conducted by Morimoto et al.[7] in Japan reported 24 intraoperative awareness incidents among 85,156 cases (0.028%). Moreover, 88% (21/24) of the confirmed awareness cases received TIVA. Nevertheless, the actual rate of TIVA in that study was unknown, whereas the study showed that volatile anesthetics were used more frequently than propofol.[5] Wang et al.[20] also reported that propofol maintenance was a risk factor for intraoperative awareness in GA. Moreover, a multicenter observational study conducted by Xu et al.[21] reported that TIVA might increase the risk of awareness. However, Morimoto et al.[7] report has been inconclusive about the TIVA as being a risk factor for awareness. Moreover, no substantial evidence was presented by other studies to support the fact that the incidence of intraoperative awareness was higher with TIVA.[22]
We had conducted TIVA education for anesthesia personnel, including anesthesiologists and anesthetic nurses, every quarter for 7 years. We followed at least seven guidelines for the safe practice of TIVA in the operating room.[9] First, all anesthetists were trained and competent in the delivery of TIVA with TCI. Second, the GA was maintained with propofol and remifentanil infusion by TCI. Third, the established target concentrations were based on the characteristics of the patient, coadministered drugs, and clinical situation. Fourth, only one concentration of propofol (1%) was available in stock, and remifentanil was always diluted to a single, standard concentration (50 μg/mL). Fifth, the infusion pumps were programmed after the syringe, containing the drugs for infusion, which has been placed in the pump. Sixth, the intravenous cannula or central venous catheter, through which the infusion delivered, was visible throughout the anesthesia. Seventh, all anesthetists in the hospital were familiar with the principles, interpretations, and limitations of DOA monitoring. Accordingly, the incidence of GAAWR is expected to be negligible if the TIVA is appropriately managed by skillful anesthesiologists.
According to Bergman's analysis, no apparent reason was determined in 16% of intraoperative awareness cases.[23] Therefore, it might not be preventable in some cases. By contrast, Pandit et al.[24] demonstrated that factors increasing the risk of accidental awareness may include female sex, age (younger adults, but not children), obesity, anesthetist seniority (junior trainees), previous history of intraoperative awareness, out-of-hours operating, emergencies, the type of surgery (obstetric, cardiac, and thoracic), and the use of NMBAs. In addition, female sex and the lack of neuromuscular monitoring were identified by Cascella et al.[25] as risk factors of intraoperative awareness. The female, rather than the male body, might be more susceptible to the resistance or tolerance to anesthetics.[25],[26] Lack of using neuromuscular monitoring is often responsible for awareness during emergence from anesthesia, whereas the recall occurred in the phase of maintenance in their cases.[25]
In the current study, the two cases were males with explicit reasons for AWR. The causal analysis showed that case 1 has occurred due to failure to deliver the correct dose of propofol with hemodynamic changes, while case 2 arose from the misjudgment of an inexperienced anesthetist, which acted against the principle of using BIS monitoring during TIVA.[24],[27]
The two most common reasons for accidental awareness during TIVA were the failure to deliver the required dose of drug and poor understanding of the underlying pharmacological principles.[9] In case 1, the patient encountered propofol reflux into the IV infusion line. Propofol might accumulate in the IV infusion line, rather than entering the bloodstream, due to a lack of anti-reflux valve in the fluid administration line, which is not required in Taiwan. Therefore, the drug and fluid lines should be joined as close to the patient as possible to minimize dead space to prevent this situation.[9] In case 2, the inexperienced anesthetist acted mistakenly against the principle of using DOA monitoring during TIVA. However, anesthetists do not routinely use DOA monitoring in TIVA due to the policy of national health insurance in Taiwan.
DOA monitoring is a complex electroencephalograph (EEG) derivative that assigns a numerical value to the probability of consciousness.[28] Previous reports suggest that BIS monitoring is effective in reducing the incidence of awareness.[29],[30] Myles et al.[29] found that BIS-guided anesthesia resulted in an 82% reduction in the incidence of awareness in a double-blind study of the high-risk patients. Ekman et al.[30] investigated the incidence of awareness when the anesthetic administration was monitored by BIS and found a 77% reduction in the incidence of awareness. Moreover, DOA monitoring is still suggested for TIVA with NMBAs by the Joint Guidelines from the Association of Anesthetists and the Society for Intravenous Anaesthesia.[9] However, Avidan et al.[31] reported that intraoperative awareness occurred even when BIS values and end-tidal anesthetic gas concentrations were within the target ranges. Processed EEG indices have been shown to correlate with serum propofol concentrations,[32] but there is no randomized controlled trial assessing whether BIS can decrease the incidence of awareness with TIVA. Besides, awareness despite low-spectral entropy values was reported during TIVA.[33] Accordingly, one of the strategies for preventing GAAWR in the current health facility is using DOA monitoring in high-risk patients during TIVA. However, the advantage of DOA monitoring for preventing awareness has not been fully evaluated.
This study has a few limitations. First, the study is a retrospective analysis in a single medical center. The additional, well-designed, multicentral studies are required to investigate this phenomenon further. Second, previous studies reported that female patients were more likely to experience awareness.[25],[26] However, the association between the patient's sex and GAAWR was not determined in the present study, and additional studies will be necessary to establish the association. Third, the data were only collected from the patients who spontaneously self-reported accidental awareness during the postanesthesia visitation. Therefore, the incidence of GAAWR might be underestimated.[2] On the other hand, recently published observational study, in which the structured postoperative interviews were performed, reported the incidence of 1:800.[34] However, many patients might not choose to discuss their experience unless they were asked directly about it.[35] In addition, the patients might not remember their intraoperative experience until days, weeks, or several months following anesthesia. Therefore, in the current study, the anesthetists visited the patients within 2 days to improve the accuracy of detecting GAAWR. Fourth, we did not perform the psychological assessment of the patients. However, the two patients did not show any signs of mental discomfort, or severe and persistent psychiatric sequelae due to a short-duration GAAWR.
| Conclusions | | |
Our study suggests that the incidence of intraoperative awareness during TIVA is very low when DOA monitoring is routinely used in high-risk patients. The additional, longitudinal surveys and large prospective studies are required to validate the findings of this study.
Declaration of patient consent
The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form the patients have given their consent for their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Chung HS. Awareness and recall during general anesthesia. Korean J Anesthesiol 2014;66:339-45.  |
| 2. | Tasbihgou SR, Vogels MF, Absalom AR. Accidental awareness during general anaesthesia naesthesia wareness d Anaesthesia 2018;73:112-22. |
| 3. | Yu H, Wu D. Effects of different methods of general anesthesia on intraoperative awareness in surgical patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96:e6428. |
| 4. | Lopez U, Habre W, Laurenne M, Haller G, Van der Linden M, Iselin-Chaves IA. Intra-operative awareness in children: The value of an interview adapted to their cognitive abilities. Anaesthesia 2007;62:778-89. |
| 5. | Leslie K, Chan MT, Myles PS, Forbes A, McCulloch TJ. Posttraumatic stress disorder in aware patients from the B-aware trial. Anesth Analg 2010;110:823-8. |
| 6. | Errand CL, Sigl JC, Robles M, Calabuig E, GarcGa J, Arocas F, et al. Awareness with recall during general anaesthesia: A retrospective observational evaluation of 4001 patients. Br J Anaesth 2008;101:178-85. |
| 7. | Morimoto Y, Nogami Y, Harada K, Tsubokawa T, Masui K. Awareness during anesthesia: The results of a questionnaire survey in Japan. J Anesth 2011;25:72-7. |
| 8. | Gao WW, He YH, Liu L, Yuan Q, Wang YF, Zhao B. BIS Monitoring on intraoperative awareness: A meta-analysis. Curr Med Sci 2018;38:349-53. |
| 9. | Nimmo AF, Absalom AR, Bagshaw O, Biswas A, Cook TM, Costello A, et al. Guidelines for the safe practice of total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA): Joint Guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists and the Society for Intravenous Anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2019;74:211-24. |
| 10. | Avidan MS, Palanca BJ, Glick D, Jacobsohn E, Villafranca A, O llafra M, et al. Protocol for the BAG-RECALL clinical trial: A prospective, multi-center, randomized, controlled trial to determine whether a bispectral index-guided protocol is superior to an anesthesia gas-guided protocol in reducing intraoperative awareness with explicit recall in high risk surgical patients. BMC Anesthesiol 2009;9:8. |
| 11. | Wu ZF, Lee MS, Wong CS, Lu CH, Huang YS, Lin KT, et al. Propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia is associated with better survival than desflurane anesthesia in colon cancer surgery. Anesthesiology 2018;129:932-41. |
| 12. | Lai HC, Pao SI, Huang YS, Chan SM, Lin BF, Wu ZF. The relationship between postoperative pneumonia and endotracheal suctioning under general anesthesia in ophthalmic surgery: A retrospective study. Asian J Anesthesiol 2018;56:33-8. |
| 13. | Lai HC, Lee MS, Lin KT, Chan SM, Chen JY, Lin YT, et al. Propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia is associated with better survival than desflurane anesthesia in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma surgery. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019;98:e18472. |
| 14. | Huang YH, Lee MS, Lou YS, Lai HC, Yu JC, Lu CH, et al. Propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia did not improve survival compared to desflurane anesthesia in breast cancer surgery. PLoS One 2019;14:e0224728. |
| 15. | Lai HC, Hung NK, Lin BF, Chen JL, Huang YH, Wu ZF. Lower incidence of prolonged extubation in propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia compared with desflurane anesthesia in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A retrospective study. J Med Sci 2019;39:121-6. [Full text] |
| 16. | Lai HC, Lee MS, Lin C, Lin KT, Huang YH, Wong CS, et al. Propofol-based total intravenous anaesthesia is associated with better survival than desflurane anaesthesia in hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma: A retrospective cohort study. Br J Anaesth 2019;123:151-60. |
| 17. | Schwender D, Klasing S, Daunderer M, Madler C, P dler E, Peter K. Awareness during general anesthesia. Definition, incidence, clinical relevance, causes, avoidance and medicolegal aspects. Anaesthesist 1995;44:743-54. |
| 18. | Ghoneim MM. Awareness during anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000;92:597-602. |
| 19. | Sebel PS, Bowdle TA, Ghoneim MM, Rampil IJ, Padilla RE, Gan TJ, et al. The incidence of awareness during anesthesia: A multicenter United States study. Anesth Analg 2004;99:833-9. |
| 20. | Wang E, Ye Z, Pan Y, Song Z, Huang C, Luo H, et al. Incidence and risk factors of intraoperative awareness during general anesthesia. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2011;36:671-5. |
| 21. | Xu L, Wu AS, Yue Y. The incidence of intra-operative awareness during general anesthesia in China: A multi-center observational study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009;53:873-82. |
| 22. | Ghoneim M. Etiology and risk factors of intraoperative awareness. In: Mashour GA, editor. Consciousness, Awareness, and Anesthesia. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2009. p. 90-113. |
| 23. | Bergman IJ, Kluger MT, Short TG. Awareness during general anaesthesia: A review of 81 cases from the anaesthetic incident monitoring study. Anaesthesia 2002;57:549-56. |
| 24. | Pandit JJ, Andrade J, Bogod DG, Hitchman JM, Jonker WR, Lucas N, et al. 5 th National Audit Project (NAP5) on accidental awareness during general anaesthesia: Summary of main findings and risk factors. Br J Anaesth 2014;113:549-59. |
| 25. | Cascella M, Viscardi D, Schiavone V, Mehrabmi-Kermani F, Muzio MR, Forte CA, et al. A 7-year retrospective multisource analysis on the incidence of anesthesia awareness with recall in cancer patients: A chance of collaboration between anesthesiologists and psycho-oncologists for awareness detection. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95:e2757. |
| 26. | Gan TJ, Glass PS, Sigl J, Sebel P, Payne F, Rosow C, et al. Women emerge from general anesthesia with propofol/alfentanil/nitrous oxide faster than men. Anesthesiology 1999;90:1283-7. |
| 27. | Mathur S, Jain A. Bispectral Index. Statpearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019. |
| 28. | Morimoto Y. Usefulness of electroencephalographic monitoring during general anesthesia. J Anesth 2008;22:498-501. |
| 29. | Myles PS, Leslie K, McNeil J, Forbes A, Chan MT. Bispectral index monitoring to prevent awareness during anaesthesia: The B-Aware randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;363:1757-63. |
| 30. | Ekman A, Lindholm ML, Lennmarken C, Sandin R. Reduction in the incidence of awareness using BIS monitoring. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004;48:20-6. |
| 31. | Avidan MS, Zhang L, Burnside BA, Finkel KJ, Searleman AC, Selvidge JA, et al. Anesthesia awareness and the bispectral index. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1097-108. |
| 32. | Glass PS, Bloom M, Kearse L, Rosow C, Sebel P, Manberg P. Bispectral analysis measures sedation and memory effects of propofol, midazolam, isoflurane, and alfentanil in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology 1997;86:836-47. |
| 33. | Vassiliadis M, Geros D, Maria K. Awareness despite low spectral entropy values. Anesth Analg 2007;105:535. |
| 34. | Walker EM, Bell M, Cook TM, Grocott MP, Moonesinghe SR; Central SNAP-1 Organisation, et al. Patient reported outcome of adult perioperative anaesthesia in the United Kingdom: A cross-sectional observational study. Br J Anaesth 2016;117:758-66. |
| 35. | Sebel PS, Bowdle TA, Rampil IJ, Padilla RE, Gan TJ, Ghoneim MM, et al. Donalimaesited Kingdom Anesthesiology 2007;107:672. |
[Figure 1]
[Table 1], [Table 2]
|
Search Pubmed for